A mídia norte-americana e o caso da espionagem do balão chinês

Marcos Aurélio Guedes de Oliveira; Vinicius Santos da Cruz

doi:10.58960/rbi.2024.19.248

Autores

Marcos Aurélio Guedes de Oliveira Universidade Federal de Pernambuco https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9792-5453
Vinicius Santos da Cruz Universidade Federal de Pernambuco https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9544-7814

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.58960/rbi.2024.19.248

Palavras-chave:

Espionagem, EUA, China, Mídia

Resumo

Como os veículos de mídia conservadores e liberais dos EUA enquadraram tematicamente o caso do balão chinês? Este artigo investiga a influência das diferenças político-ideológicas entre jornais conservadores (NYP e WT) e liberais (NYT e WP) nos temas enfatizados sobre o incidente do balão chinês. Utilizando uma metodologia que abrangeu a análise de 144 artigos de notícias com uma abordagem sistemática e padronizada de análise de conteúdo, os resultados mostram que, nos conservadores, prevaleceu a categoria "Críticas ao governo", com foco na gestão de Biden, enquanto nos liberais, a ênfase foi em "Política externa e diplomacia", destacando as relações EUA-China. Ambos os grupos destacaram a ameaça de espionagem na passagem dos balões sobre áreas consideradas de segurança nacional.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Biografia do Autor

Marcos Aurélio Guedes de Oliveira, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco

Professor Titular de Ciência Política da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, possui título de PhD em Ciência Política pela University of Essex (1992) e realizou pós-doutorado em Relações Internacionais no Institut des Hautes Études de l'Amérique Latine, Sorbonne, Paris III.

Vinicius Santos da Cruz, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco

Mestrando no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política pela Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Bacharel em Ciência Política, com ênfase em Relações Internacionais, pela mesma universidade. Membro do Núcleo de Estudos Americanos, do Grupo Brasil e as Américas (CNPQ).

Referências

Altschiller, Donald. s.d. “News Bias.” Research Guides, WR150: Educated Electorate, Boston University Libraries. Acessado em 10 de janeiro de 2024. https://library.bu.edu/blumenthal/bias.

Baum, Matthew A., e Philip B. K. Potter. 2008. “The Relationships Between Mass Media, Public Opinion, and Foreign Policy: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis.” Annual Review of Political Science 11 (1): 39–65. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060406.214132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060406.214132

Bera, Rajendra K. 2023. “China's Novel Strategy of World Domination: Float Silent, Float High with Balloons.” SSRN Electronic Journal: 1-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4376428. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4376428

Buckley, Chris. 2023. “China Finds Itself with Limited Options After U.S. Shoots Down Balloon.” The New York Times, 5 de fevereiro. Acessado em 20 de fevereiro de 2024. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/05/world/asia/china-balloon-united-states.html?searchResultPosition=334.

Callaghan, Karen e Frauke Schnell. 2001. “Assessing the Democratic Debate: How the News Media Frame Elite Policy Discourse.” Political Communication 18 (2): 183-213. https://doi.org/10.1080/105846001750322970. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/105846001750322970

Chamberlain, Samuel e Caitlin Doornbos. 2023. “US Postpones Blinken China Trip Indefinitely Over Spy Balloon Furor.” New York Post, 3 de fevereiro. Acessado em 15 de fevereiro de 2024. https://nypost.com/2023/02/03/us-pushes-back-blinken-china-trip-over-spy-balloon-furor/.

Chumley, Cheryl K. 2023. “China, with a Single Balloon, Mocks and Weakens America.” The Washington Times, 3 de fevereiro. Acessado em 16 de fevereiro de 2024. https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2023/feb/3/china-with-single-balloon-mocks-and-weakens-americ/.

Clairmont, Dylan. 2023. “When a Chinese Balloon Is Shot Down, Does It Echo?” Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade de Chicago. https://doi.org/10.6082/uchicago.5962.

Clark, Joseph. 2023. “Chinese Balloon Spotted in North Carolina as Suspected Spy Craft Floats Eastward Over U.S. Airspace.” The Washington Times, 4 de fevereiro. Acessado em 19 de fevereiro de 2024. https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2023/feb/4/chinese-balloon-spotted-north-carolina-suspected-s/.

Cooper, Helene. 2023. “Pentagon Says It Detected a Chinese Spy Balloon Hovering Over Montana.” The New York Times, 2 de fevereiro. Acessado em 20 de fevereiro de 2024. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/02/us/politics/china-spy-balloon-pentagon.html?searchResultPosition=355.

Crane, Emily. 2023. “US Releases First Pictures of Chinese Spy Balloon Recovery.” New York Post, 7 de fevereiro. Acessado em 16 de fevereiro de 2024. https://nypost.com/2023/02/07/first-images-of-the-chinese-spy-balloon-recovery-efforts/.

De Souza Lima, Rafael M. e Marcos A. Guedes de Oliveira. 2014. “George W. Bush aos Olhos da Revista Veja.” Alceu: Revista de Comunicação, Cultura e Política 14 (28).

Druckman, James N. 2001. “The Implications of Framing Effects for Citizen Competence.” Political Behavior 23: 225-256. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015006907312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015006907312

Entman, Robert M. 1993. “Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm.” Journal of Communication 43 (4): 51-58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x

Gurtov, Mel. 2023. “The China Balloon Incident: The Drama within the Drama.” The Asia-Pacific Journal 21 (2): 1-4.

Ho, Daniel E. e Kevin M. Quinn. 2008. “Measuring Explicit Political Positions of Media.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 3 (4): 353-377. https://doi.org/10.1561/100.00008048. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1561/100.00008048

Hoke, Delaney. 2023. “Chinese Balloon Shot Down Over American Territory.” American University Journal 1: 1-2. https://doi.org/10.57912/23764881.v1.

Iyengar, Shanto. 2017. “A Typology of Media Effects.” In The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication, editado por K. Kenski e K. H. Jamieson. Nova York: Oxford University Press, 59-68.

Kutllovci, Liza. 2023. “That’s No Moon... It’s a Balloon!” European View 22 (1): 140-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/17816858231164477. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/17816858231164477

Lamothe, Dan e Alex Horton. 2023. “Chinese Spy Balloon Flying Over U.S. ‘Right Now,’ Pentagon Says.” The Washington Post, 2 de fevereiro. Acessado em 22 de fevereiro de 2024. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/02/02/chinese-spy-balloon-pentagon/.

Linge, Mary K. 2023. “US May Shoot China Spy Balloon Down When It Floats Over the Atlantic: Report.” New York Post, 4 de fevereiro. Acessado em 15 de fevereiro de 2024. https://nypost.com/2023/02/04/us-may-down-china-spy-balloon-over-the-atlantic-report/.

Mahmood, Basim, e Ronaldo Menezes. 2013. “United States Congress relations according to liberal and conservative newspapers.” In 2013 IEEE 2nd Network Science Workshop (NSW), 98–101. West Point, Estados Unidos: Institute of Electric and Electronic Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1109/NSW.2013.6609201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/NSW.2013.6609201

Meyer, Theodoric e Leigh A. Caldwell. 2023. “The Challenge Biden Faces.” The Washington Post, 7 de fevereiro. Acessado em 21 de fevereiro de 2024. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/02/07/challenge-biden-faces/.

Nakashima, Ellen, Alex Horton, Dan Lamothe e Rosalind S. Helderman. 2023. “U.S. Military Downs Chinese Balloon over Atlantic Ocean.” The Washington Post, 4 de fevereiro. Acessado em 20 de fevereiro de 2024. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/02/04/chinese-balloon-shoot-down/.

Nava, Victor. 2023. “Sen. Josh Hawley Demands Probe into Biden’s ‘Baffling Response’ to Chinese Spy Balloon.” New York Post, 4 de fevereiro. Acessado em 12 de fevereiro de 2024. https://nypost.com/2023/02/04/josh-hawley-demands-probe-into-bidens-baffling-response-to-chinese-spy-balloon/.

O'Neill, Jesse. 2023. “Trump Denies Pentagon Claims of Spy Balloons on His Watch as US Admits One Crashed in Pacific Last Year”. New York Post. Disponível em: https://nypost.com/2023/02/05/trump-denies-any-chinese-spy-balloons-under-his-watch/. Acessado em 16 de fevereiro de 2024.

O'Neill, Natalie. 2023. “Pence, Pompeo and Haley Demand Biden ‘Shoot Down’ Chinese Spy Balloon.” New York Post, 3 de fevereiro. Acessado em 11 de fevereiro de 2024. https://nypost.com/2023/02/03/mike-pompeo-and-nikki-haley-demand-biden-shoot-down-chinese-spy-balloon/.

Patterson, Thomas E. 1997. “The News Media: An Effective Political Actor?” Political Communication 14 (4): 445-455. https://doi.org/10.1080/105846097199245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/105846097199245

Pierson, David. 2023. “Balloon Incident Highlights Fragile State of U.S.-China Relationship” The New York Times, 4 de fevereiro. Acessado em 17 de fevereiro de 2024. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/04/world/asia/balloon-china-united-states.html.

Post Editorial Board. 2023. “The Post Says: Pop This Balloon, Joe!” New York Post, 3 de fevereiro. Acessado em 10 de fevereiro de 2024. https://nypost.com/2023/02/03/the-post-says-pop-this-balloon-joe/.

Rogers, Katie. 2023. “Look! Up in the Sky! It’s a … Chinese Spy Balloon?” The New York Times, 4 de fevereiro. Acessado em 15 de fevereiro de 2024. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/04/us/politics/chinese-spy-balloon-obsession.html.

Rogers, Katie e Julian E. Barnes. 2023. “Chinese Spy Balloon or ‘Civilian Device’?” The New York Times, 3 de fevereiro. Acessado em 21 de fevereiro de 2024. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/03/us/politics/chinese-spy-balloon-civilian-device.html.

Shor, Eran. 2019. “Political Leaning and Coverage Sentiment: Are Conservative Newspapers More Negative toward Women?” Social Science Quarterly 100 (1): 307-319. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12563. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12563

Soroka, Stuart N. 2003. “Media, Public Opinion, and Foreign Policy”. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 8 (1): 27-48. https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X02238783. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X02238783

Terra, Olivia. 2023. “Chinese Spy Balloon Carried Antennas, Other Intel-Collecting Materials.” New York Post, 9 de fevereiro. Acessado em 16 de fevereiro de 2024. https://nypost.com/2023/02/09/chinese-spy-balloon-had-antennas-other-intel-materials-report/.

Zhang, Chun, e Clifton W. Meadows III. 2012. “International Coverage, Foreign Policy, and National Image: Exploring the Complexities of Media Coverage, Public Opinion, and Presidential Agenda.” International Journal of Communication 6: 20.